Tumak language
Chadic language spoken in Chad
| Tumak | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Chad |
| Region | Southwest |
Native speakers | (25,000 cited 1993 census)[1] |
Language family | Afro-Asiatic
|
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tmc |
| Glottolog | tuma1260 |
Tumak, also known as Toumak, Tumag, Tummok, Sara Toumak, Tumac, and Dije, is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the southwestern Chadian prefectures of Moyen-Chari and Koumra. Motun (Mod) and Tumak dialects have a lexical similarity of only 70%;[1] Blench (2006) lists Tumak, Motun, and Mawer as separate languages.[2] Most Motun speakers use some Sara.[1]
The "Gulei" listed in Greenberg might be a dialect of Tumak.[3]
Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | dʒ | k g | |
| Prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ⁿdʒ | ᵑg | |
| Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Approximant | w | r, ɽ, l | j |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid-high | e eː | ə əː | o oː |
| Mid-low | ɛ | ɔ ɔː | |
| Low | a aː |
Tumak also has two tones;[4] high and low.
References
- ^ a b c Tumak at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
- ^ Chadic Newsletter
- ^ a b c Caprile, Jean-Pierre (1975). "Lexique tumak-français (Tchad)". Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde. A (in French). 5.
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| Sibine (A.1.1) | |
|---|---|
| Miltu (A.1.2) | |
| Nancere (A.2.1) | |
| Gabri (A.2.2) | |
| Kwang (A.3) |
| Dangla (B.1.1) | |
|---|---|
| Mubi (B.1.2) | |
| Sokoro (B.3) | |
| Barain (B.4) | |
| Others |
Italics indicate extinct languages. See also: Chadic languages
Authority control databases: National  |
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