Santacrucian

The Santacrucian age is a period of geologic time (17.5 – 16.3 Ma) within the Early Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically with SALMA classification in South America. It follows the Colhuehuapian and precedes the Friasian age.^[1]

Etymology

The age is named after the Santa Cruz Formation in the Austral/Magallanes Basin of southern Patagonia, Argentina and Chile.

Formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Santa Cruz Formation	Argentina  Chile	Austral Basin	[2][3]
Aisol Formation	Argentina	San Rafael Block	[4]
Cantaure Formation	Venezuela	Falcón Basin	[5]
Castillo Formation	Venezuela	Falcón Basin	[6]
Cerro Boleadoras Formation	Argentina	Austral Basin	[7]
Chaguaramas Formation	Venezuela	Eastern Venezuela Basin	[8]
Chilcatay Formation	Peru	Pisco Basin	[9][10]
Chucal Formation - Chucal fauna	Chile	Altiplano Basin	[11]
Cura-Mallín Group	Chile	Cura-Mallín Basin	[12]
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation	Argentina	Colorado Basin	[13]
Jimol Formation	Colombia	Cocinetas Basin	[14]
Mariño Formation	Argentina	Cuyo Basin	[15]
Pinturas Formation	Argentina	Austral Basin	[16][3]
Río Yuca Formation	Venezuela	Barinas-Apure Basin	[17]

Fossils

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Abderites meridionalis, Acarechimys pascuali, Acaremys major, A. messor, A. murinus, A. tricarinatus, Acdestis lemairei, A. oweni, Acrocyon sectorius, Acyon bardus, A. tricuspidatus, Adianthus bucatus, Adiastaltus habilis, A. procerus, Adinotherium ferum, A. ovinum, A. robustum, Ameghinomys constans, A. rarus, Anatherium defossus, Anathitus revelator, Arctodictis munizi, Argyromanis patagonicus, cf. Asterostemma depressa, Astrapotherium magnum, Borhyaena tuberata, Cladosictis patagonica, Cochlops muricatus, Diadiaphorus majusculus, D. robustus, Dicardia fissa, Encinepeltus petesatus, Eocardia montana, Eucholoeops fronto, E. ingens, Euphractus patagonicus, Eutatus carinatus, E. deleo, E. lagena, Hapalops angustipalatus, H. elongatus, H. indifferens, H. longiceps, H. platycephalus, H. ponderosus, Hegetotherium mirabile, Homalodotherium cunninghami, Homunculus patagonicus, Interatherium excavatum, I. extensum, I. robustum, Licaphrium floweri, Lycopsis torresi, Metopotoxus laevatus, Microbiotherium acicula, M. gallegosense, M. patagonicum, M. tehuelchum, Necrolestes patagonensis, Neoreomys australis, Nesodon imbricatus, N. marmoratus, Orthoarthrus mixtus, Pachyrukhos moyani, Palaeothentes aratae, P. intermedius, P. minutus, P. lemoinei, P. pascuali, Paraeutatus distans, Pelecyodon cristatus, Peltephilus ferox, P. giganteus, P. nanus, P. pumilus, P. strepens, Perathereutes pungens, Phanomys mixtus, P. vetulus, Phonocdromus gracilis, Plagiocoelus obliquus, Planops magnus, Prepotherium filholi, P. potens, Proeutatus oenophorum, P. robustus, Propalaehoplophorus australis, P. incisivus, P. minus, Protamandua rothi, Prothylacinus patagonicus, Protypotherium attenuatum, P. australe, P. praerutilum, Prozaedyus exilis, Prozaedius proximus, Pseudoacaremys kramarzi, Pseudonotictis pusillus, Schismotherium rectangularis, Sipalocyon gracilis, S. obusta, Spaniomys modestus, Stegotherium tauberi, S. tesselatum, Steiromys detentus, S. duplicatus, Stenotatus hesternus, Stilotherium dissimile, Tetramerorhinus cingulatum, T. fortis, T. lucarius, T. mixtum, Theosodon garrettorum, T. gracilis, T. lydekkeri, Thoatherium minusculum, Vetelia puncta, Hyperleptus sp., Nematherium sp., Neuryurini sp., Perimys sp., Sciamys sp., Myrmecophagidae indet.	Santa Cruz	[18][19] [20][21] [22][23] [24][25] [26][27] [28][29] [30][31] [32][33] [34][35] [36][37] [38][39] [40][41] [42]
	cf. Astrapotherium sp., cf. Theosodon sp., Lomaphorini indet., Mylodontinae indet., Propalaehoplophorinae indet., Toxodontidae indet.	Aisol	[43]
	Baraguatherium takumara	Castillo	[44]
	Xenastrapotherium christi, Boreostemma sp.	Chaguaramas	[8][45]
	Altitypotherium chucalensis, A. paucidens, Eotypotherium chico, Hegetotherium cf. mirabile, Nesodon imbricatus, Parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis, Acarechimys sp., Adinotherium sp., Neoreomys sp., cf. Peltephilus sp., Stenotatus sp., Theosodon sp., Octodontoidea indet., Toxodontidae indet.	Chucal	[46]
	Paedotherium minor, Acarechimys sp., aff. Alloiomys sp., ?Hegetotherium sp., aff. Incamys sp., Luantus sp., Maruchito sp., Prostichomys sp., Protacaremys sp., cf. Protypotherium sp., Sipalocyon sp., Abderitidae indet., Astrapotheria indet., Astrapotheriidae indet., Caviomorpha indet., Dasypodidae indet., Eocardiidae indet., Hegetotheriinae indet., Interatheriinae indet., Pachyrukhinae indet., Toxodontidae indet., Typotheria indet.	Cura-Mallín	[47][48]
	Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi, Rusconitherium mendocense,Thoatheriopsis mendocensis, Scleromys sp.	Mariño	[49][50] [51][52]
	Acarechimys minutissimus, Acaremys murinus, Acdestis oweni, Adelphomys candidus, Branisamyopsis praesigmoides, Carlocebus carmenensis, C. intermedius, ?Diadiaphorus caniadensis, Eosteiromys annectens, E. cf. homogenidens, Galileomys eurygnathus, Luantus toldensis, L. propheticus, Microbiotherium cf. gallegosense, M. tehuelchum, Neoreomys australis, N. pinturensis, Oligobiotherium divisum, Pachybiotherium illuminatum, Perimys erutus, P. intermedius, Phanomys mixtus, Picturotherium migueli, Prostichomys bowni, Prothoatherium lacerum, Scleromys osbornianus, S. quadrangulatus, Soriacebus adrianae, S. ameghinorum, Spaniomys modestus, Steiromys principalis, S. duplicatus, Tetramerorhinus ?cingulatum, T. fleaglei, T. prosistens, Prolagostomus sp., Stichomys sp., Theosodon sp.	Pinturas	[53][54] [55][56] [57][58]
Birds	Anisolornis excavatus, Badiostes patagonicus, Brontornis burmeisteri, Cariama santacrucensis, Eoneornis australis, Eutelornis patagonicus, Liptornis hesternus, Opisthodactylus patagonicus, Paraptenodytes antarcticus, Patagornis marshi, Phorusrhacos longissimus, Protibis cnemialis, Psilopterus bachmanni, P. lemoinei, Thegornis debilis	Santa Cruz	[22][23] [25][42]
	Psilopteridae indet.	Aisol	[43]
Reptiles & amphibians	Diasemosaurus occidentalis, Dibolosodon typicus, Erichosaurus bombimaxila, E. debilis, E. diminutus, Calyptocephalella sp., Colubridae indet.	Santa Cruz	[21][22] [23][59]
	Crocodylia indet.	Aisol	[43]
	Anura indet.	Chucal	[46]
	Crocodylidae indet., Gavialidae indet.	Jimol	[60]
	Colubridae indet.	Pinturas	[61]
Fishes	Carcharhinidae indet., Dalatiidae indet., Hemigaleidae indet., Lamnidae indet., Myliobatidae indet.	Jimol	[60]
Flora	Araucaria marensii, Doroteoxylon vicentiperezii, Eucryphiaceoxylon eucryphioides, Myrceugenia chubutense, Nothofagoxylon triseriatum, Ulminium atlanticum	Santa Cruz	[31]

References

Bibliography

Santa Cruz Formation

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Aisol Formation

• Forasiepi, Analía M.; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Bond, Mariano; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Naipauer, Maximiliano; Straehl, Fiona R.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Garrido, Alberto C.; Schmitz and James L. Crowley, Mark D. (2015), "New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina", Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 89 (3): 611–634, Bibcode:2015PalZ...89..611F, doi:10.1007/s12542-014-0233-5, retrieved 2019-02-13
• Forasiepi, Analía M.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; De la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Dieguez, Sergio; Bond, Mariano (2011), Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Aisol Formation (Neogene), San Rafael, Mendoza (PDF), Cenozoic Geology of the Central Andes of Argentina, SCS Publisher, Salta, pp. 135–154, retrieved 2017-10-01

Cantaure Formation

• Mendi, David; Rodríguez, Eliana (2005), Integración geológica de la Península de Paraguaná, Estado Falcón (MSc thesis), Universidad Central de Venezuela, pp. 1–184, retrieved 2017-10-26

Castillo Formation

• Johnson, Kenneth G.; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R.; Aguilera, Órangel A. (2009), "The Oligocene-Miocene transition on coral reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela)", PALAIOS, 24 (1): 59–69, Bibcode:2009Palai..24...59J, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.617.9079, doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-004r, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; McDonald, H. Gregory; Núñez Flores, Mónica (2017), "Baraguatherium takumara, gen. et sp. nov., the earliest mylodontoid sloth (early Miocene) from northern South America", Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 24 (2): 179–191, doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9328-y, retrieved 2019-02-12
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Benammi, Mouloud; Vignaud, Patrick; McDonald, H. Gregory (2014), "Chronology and geology of an Early Miocene mammalian assemblage in North of South America, from Cerro La Cruz (Castillo Formation), Lara State, Venezuela: implications in the 'changing course of Orinoco River' hypothesis" (PDF), Andean Geology, 41: 507–528, retrieved 2018-09-07
• Solórzano, Andrés; Rincón, Ascanio D.; Cidade, Giovanne M.; Núñez Flores, Mónica; Sánchez, Leonardo (2018), "Lower Miocene alligatoroids (Crocodylia) from the Castillo Formation, northwest of Venezuela" (PDF), Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 99 (2): 1–19, Bibcode:2019PdPe...99..241S, doi:10.1007/s12549-018-0332-5, retrieved 2018-09-07
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Cerro Boleadores Formation

• Dal Molín, C.N.; Colombo, F. (2003), "Sedimentación neógena en la Cuenca del Río Zeballos y del Río Jeinemeni (47° Latitud Sur) Antepaís patagónico Argentina" (PDF), Geogaceta, 34: 139–142, retrieved 2018-09-10

Chaguaramas Formation

• Horovitz, Inés; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2012), El Registro Fósil del Cenozoico (PDF), Venezuela Paleontológica: Evolución de la diversidad en el pasado, pp. 133–156, retrieved 2017-10-21

Chilcatay Formation

• Bianucci, Giovanni; Bosio, Giulia; Malinverno, Elisa; De Muizon, Christian; Villa, Igor M.; Urbina, Mario; Lambert, Olivier (2018), "A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology", Royal Society Open Science, 5 (4): 172302, Bibcode:2018RSOS....572302B, doi:10.1098/rsos.172302, PMC 5936943, PMID 29765678
• De la Cruz, Aldo Alván (2008), "Geología de Ocucaje: aportes en la sedimentología y paleontología de Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú)" (PDF), Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG, 11: 51–59, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian; Malinverno, Elisa; Di Celma, Claudio; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2017), "A new odontocete (toothed cetacean) from the Early Miocene of Peru expands the morphological disparity of extinct heterodont dolphins", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 16 (12): 981–1016, doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1359689, hdl:11568/891482, retrieved 2019-02-12
• Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; Urbina, Mario (2014), "Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (5): 987–1004, Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..987L, doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.858050, retrieved 2019-02-12

Cura-Mallín Group

• Flynn, John J.; Charrier, Reynaldo; Croft, Darin A.; Gans, Phillip B.; Herriott, Trystan M.; Wertheim, Jill A.; Wyss, André R. (2008), "Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile" (PDF), Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 26 (4): 412–423, Bibcode:2008JSAES..26..412F, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2008.05.006, retrieved 2017-10-20
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• Utgé, Silvana; Folguera, Andrés; Litvak, Vanesa; Ramos, Víctor A. (2009), "Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén", Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 64 (2): 231–248, retrieved 2017-10-01

Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation

• Reichler, Valeria A (2010), "Estratigrafía y paleontología del Cenozoico marino del Gran Bajo y Salinas del Gualicho, Argentina, y descripción de 17 especies nuevas" (PDF), Andean Geology, 31: 177–219, retrieved 2018-09-11

Jimol Formation

• Amson, Eli; Carrillo, Juan D.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2016), "Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange" (PDF), Palaeontology: 1–20, retrieved 2017-03-31
• Cadena, Edwin; Jaramillo, Carlos (2015), "Early to middle Miocene turtles from the northernmost tip of South America: giant testudinids, chelids, and podocnemidids from the Castilletes Formation, Colombia" (PDF), Ameghiniana, 52 (2): 188–203, doi:10.5710/AMGH.10.11.2014.2835, retrieved 2017-08-08
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• Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Argyriou, Thodoris; Zapata, Vladimir; Kindlimann, René; Jaramillo, Carlos (2016), "A New Early Miocene (Aquitanian) Elasmobranchii Assemblage from the la Guajira Peninsula, Colombia" (PDF), Ameghiniana, 53 (2): 77–99, doi:10.5710/AMGH.26.10.2015.2931, retrieved 2017-08-08
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• Moreno Bernal, Jorge W (2014), Fossil Crocodilians from the High Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, and the History of Neogene Crocodilian Diversity in Tropical South America, University of Nebraska, pp. 1–66, retrieved 2017-08-08
• Suárez, Catalina; Forasiepi, AnalÍa M.; Goin, Francisco J.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2015), "Insights into the Neotropics Prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia" (PDF), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (1): e1029581, doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1029581, hdl:11336/53653, retrieved 2019-02-13

Mariño Formation

• Cerdeño, Esperanza; Vera, Bárbara; Combina, Ana María (2018), "A new early Miocene Mesotheriidae (Notoungulata) from the Mariño Formation (Argentina): Taxonomic and biostratigraphic implications", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 88: 118–131, Bibcode:2018JSAES..88..118C, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2018.06.016, hdl:11336/158508, retrieved 2019-02-11
• Villafañe, A. L.; Schmidt, G. I.; Cerdeño, E. (2012), "Consideraciones sistemáticas y bioestratigráficas acerca de Thoatheriopsis mendocensis Soria, 2001 (Litopterna, Proterotheriidae)", Ameghiniana, 49 (3): 365–374, doi:10.5710/AMGH.v49i3(480), hdl:11336/71246
• Cerdeño, Esperanza; López, G. M.; Reguero, M. A. (2008), "Biostratigraphic considerations of the Divisaderan faunal assemblage", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28 (2): 574–577, doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[574:BCOTDF]2.0.CO;2
• Cerdeño, Esperanza; Guiomar Vucetich, M. (2007), "The first rodent from the Mariño Formation (Miocene) at Divisadero Largo (Mendoza, Argentina) and its biochronological implications" (PDF), Andean Geology, 34: 199–207, doi:10.5027/andgeoV34n2-a02, retrieved 2017-10-23
• Cerdeño, Esperanza; González Riga, B.; Bordonaro, O. (2006), "Primer hallazgo de mamíferos en la Formación Mariño (Mioceno) en Divisadero Largo (Mendoza, Argentina)", Ameghiniana, 43: 205–214

Pinturas Formation

• Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2005), "Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia", Ameghiniana, 42: 611–625, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Kramarz, Alejandro G (2001), Estudio de la fauna de roedores de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno medio inferior de la Provincia de Santa Cruz (PhD thesis) (PDF), Universidad de Buenos Aires, pp. 1–300, retrieved 2017-08-15

Río Yuca Formation

• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Macsotay, Oliver; McDonald, H. Gregory; Nüñez Flores, Mónica (2016), "A new Miocene vertebrate assemblage from the Río Yuca Formation (Venezuela) and the northernmost record of typical Miocene mammals of high latitude (Patagonian) affinities in South America", Geobios, 757 (5): 1–35, Bibcode:2016Geobi..49..395R, doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2016.06.005, retrieved 2019-02-12